MATERI LENGKAP: TO BE

Am, Is, Are, Was, Were, Been

A. Pengertian To Be

To be adalah kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan subject dengan informasi tentang subject tersebut.

To be dapat berarti:

1. Berarti “Adalah”

Arti ini muncul ketika to be diikuti oleh kata benda (noun) atau profesi/identitas.

• Contoh Present (Sekarang): I am a student (Saya adalah seorang murid).
• Contoh Past (Lampau): She was a doctor (Dia adalah seorang dokter di masa lalu).

2. Berarti “Ada” atau Menunjukkan Tempat (Adverb of Place)

Arti ini muncul ketika to be diikuti oleh keterangan tempat.

• Contoh: The book is on the table (Buku itu ada di atas meja).
• Contoh: They were in Bali last week (Mereka ada di Bali minggu lalu).

3. Tidak Diterjemahkan (Sebagai Penghubung Sifat / Adjective)

Ketika to be bertemu dengan kata sifat, to be tidak diartikan secara harfiah ke dalam bahasa Indonesia, melainkan melekat pada sifat subjek tersebut.

• Contoh: You are smart (Kamu pintar — kata are tidak diterjemahkan jadi “adalah pintar”).
• Contoh: He was sad (Dia sedih).

4. Sebagai Penanda Sedang Berlangsung (Continuous Tense)

Jika to be (am, is, are, was, were) bertemu dengan kata kerja berakhiran -ing (being/action), maknanya berubah menjadi “sedang”. Di sini, to be berfungsi murni sebagai pembantu.

• Contoh: I am reading (Saya sedang membaca).
• Contoh: They were playing (Mereka sedang bermain di masa lalu).

5. Sebagai Penanda Kalimat Pasif (Been / Passive Voice)

Bentuk been adalah bentuk past participle (ketiga) dari to be yang biasa dipakai dalam perfect tense atau kalimat pasif, yang sering diartikan “sudah/telah … (dikenai pekerjaan)”.

• Contoh: The food has been eaten (Makanan itu telah dimakan).

To be yang paling dasar:

image

B. TO BE DALAM PRESENT TENSE

1. AM

Am hanya digunakan dengan I.

Rumus:

I + am + complement

Contoh:

1. I am a student.
   Saya adalah seorang siswa.
2. I am happy.
   Saya bahagia.
3. I am tired.
   Saya lelah.
4. I am in the classroom.
   Saya berada di dalam kelas.
5. I am ready.
   Saya siap.

Bentuk singkat:

I am = I’m

Contoh:

I am happy.
= I’m happy.

2. IS

Is digunakan dengan:

• He = dia laki-laki
• She = dia perempuan
• It = benda/hewan

Rumus:

Subject + is + complement

Contoh:

He is a teacher.
Dia adalah seorang guru.

She is beautiful.
Dia cantik.

It is big.
Itu besar.

He is in the library.
Dia berada di perpustakaan.

She is tired.
Dia lelah.

Bentuk singkat:

• He is = He’s
• She is = She’s
• It is = It’s

Contoh:

She is happy.
= She’s happy.

3. ARE

Are digunakan dengan:

• You
• We
• They

Rumus:

Subject + are + complement

Contoh:

You are a student.
Kamu adalah seorang siswa.

We are students.
Kami adalah siswa.

They are teachers.
Mereka adalah guru.

You are very kind.
Kamu sangat baik.

They are in the classroom.
Mereka berada di dalam kelas.

Bentuk singkat:

• You are = You’re
• We are = We’re
• They are = They’re

Contoh:

They are happy.
= They’re happy.

C. TO BE DALAM PAST TENSE

Untuk menunjukkan keadaan atau identitas di masa lalu, digunakan:

• was
• were

1. WAS

Was digunakan dengan:

• I
• He
• She
• It

Rumus:

Subject + was + complement

Contoh:

I was tired yesterday.
Saya lelah kemarin.

He was sick last week.
Dia sakit minggu lalu.

She was at home yesterday.
Dia berada di rumah kemarin.

It was very cold.
Cuacanya sangat dingin.

2. WERE

Were digunakan dengan:

• You
• We
• They

Rumus:

Subject + were + complement

Contoh:

You were late.
Kamu terlambat.

We were happy yesterday.
Kami bahagia kemarin.

They were at school.
Mereka berada di sekolah.

They were tired after the game.
Mereka lelah setelah pertandingan.

D. TABEL LENGKAP TO BE

Subject	Present	Past	Arti
I	am	was	saya
You	are	were	kamu/kalian
He	is	was	dia laki-laki
She	is	was	dia perempuan
It	is	was	itu/benda/hewan
We	are	were	kami/kita
They	are	were	mereka

Cara mudah mengingat:

Sekarang:

I → am
He/She/It → is
You/We/They → are

Masa lalu:

I/He/She/It → was
You/We/They → were

E. TO BE + NOUN

To be dapat digunakan sebelum noun (kata benda).

Rumus:

Subject + to be + noun

Contoh:

I am a student.
Saya adalah seorang siswa.

He is a teacher.
Dia adalah seorang guru.

She is a doctor.
Dia adalah seorang dokter.

We are students.
Kami adalah siswa.

They are teachers.
Mereka adalah guru.

Past:

I was a student.
Saya dulu adalah seorang siswa.

He was a teacher.
Dia dulu adalah seorang guru.

They were students.
Mereka dulu adalah siswa.

F. TO BE + ADJECTIVE

To be juga digunakan sebelum adjective (kata sifat).

Rumus:

Subject + to be + adjective

Contoh:

I am happy.
Saya bahagia.

She is beautiful.
Dia cantik.

He is smart.
Dia pintar.

We are tired.
Kami lelah.

They are angry.
Mereka marah.

Past:

I was happy yesterday.
Saya bahagia kemarin.

She was tired.
Dia lelah.

They were angry.
Mereka marah.

G. TO BE + PLACE

To be dapat digunakan untuk menunjukkan tempat atau lokasi.

Rumus:

Subject + to be + place

Contoh:

I am at school.
Saya berada di sekolah.

She is in the classroom.
Dia berada di dalam kelas.

He is at home.
Dia berada di rumah.

We are in the library.
Kami berada di perpustakaan.

They are at the park.
Mereka berada di taman.

Past:

I was at school yesterday.
Saya berada di sekolah kemarin.

She was at home last night.
Dia berada di rumah tadi malam.

They were in the classroom.
Mereka berada di dalam kelas.

H. TO BE + V-ING

To be juga digunakan dalam Present Continuous Tense dan Past Continuous Tense.

Present Continuous

Rumus:

Subject + am/is/are + V-ing

Contoh:

I am studying English.
Saya sedang belajar bahasa Inggris.

She is reading a book.
Dia sedang membaca buku.

He is playing football.
Dia sedang bermain sepak bola.

We are studying.
Kami sedang belajar.

They are watching television.
Mereka sedang menonton televisi.

Past Continuous

Rumus:

Subject + was/were + V-ing

Contoh:

I was studying English.
Saya sedang belajar bahasa Inggris.

She was reading a book.
Dia sedang membaca buku.

He was playing football.
Dia sedang bermain sepak bola.

We were studying.
Kami sedang belajar.

They were watching television.
Mereka sedang menonton televisi.

I. KALIMAT POSITIF

Present

Rumus:

S + am/is/are + complement

Contoh:

1. I am happy.
   Saya bahagia.
2. He is smart.
   Dia pintar.
3. She is beautiful.
   Dia cantik.
4. We are students.
   Kami adalah siswa.
5. They are tired.
   Mereka lelah.

Past

Rumus:

S + was/were + complement

Contoh:

1. I was happy.
   Saya bahagia.
2. He was sick.
   Dia sakit.
3. She was at home.
   Dia berada di rumah.
4. We were tired.
   Kami lelah.
5. They were students.
   Mereka adalah siswa.

J. KALIMAT NEGATIF

Untuk membuat kalimat negatif, tambahkan not setelah to be.

Present

am → am not

is → is not / isn’t

are → are not / aren’t

Contoh:

I am not tired.
Saya tidak lelah.

He is not a teacher.
Dia bukan seorang guru.

She isn’t angry.
Dia tidak marah.

We are not ready.
Kami belum siap.

They aren’t at school.
Mereka tidak berada di sekolah.

Past

was → was not / wasn’t

were → were not / weren’t

Contoh:

I was not tired.
Saya tidak lelah.

He wasn’t sick.
Dia tidak sakit.

She was not at home.
Dia tidak berada di rumah.

We weren’t late.
Kami tidak terlambat.

They weren’t happy.
Mereka tidak bahagia.

K. KALIMAT INTERROGATIVE

Untuk membuat pertanyaan, to be diletakkan di depan subject.

Present

Rumus:

Am/Is/Are + S + complement?

Contoh:

Am I late?
Apakah saya terlambat?

Is he a student?
Apakah dia seorang siswa?

Is she happy?
Apakah dia bahagia?

Are you ready?
Apakah kamu siap?

Are they at school?
Apakah mereka berada di sekolah?

L. TO BE – BEEN

1. Apa itu “Been”?

Been adalah past participle (V3) dari kata kerja be.

Urutannya:

be → was/were → been

Namun, been tidak digunakan sendirian sebagai to be. Biasanya been membutuhkan auxiliary verb, terutama have, has, atau had.

Contoh:

• I have been busy.
  Saya sudah sibuk.
• She has been sick.
  Dia sudah sakit.
• They had been here.
  Mereka sudah berada di sini.

2. Bentuk Lengkap BE

Bentuk	Fungsi
be	bentuk dasar
am	present
is	present
are	present
was	past
were	past
been	past participle / V3
being	present participle / V-ing

Jadi:

BE → AM/IS/ARE → WAS/WERE → BEEN → BEING

3. BEEN dalam Present Perfect

Pola yang paling sering adalah:

Subject + have/has + been + complement

Have digunakan untuk:

• I
• You
• We
• They

Has digunakan untuk:

• He
• She
• It

Contoh:

I have been busy.
Saya sudah sibuk.

You have been helpful.
Kamu sudah membantu.

We have been happy.
Kami sudah bahagia.

They have been tired.
Mereka sudah lelah.

He has been sick.
Dia sudah sakit.

She has been beautiful.
Dia sudah cantik.

4. BEEN + ADJECTIVE

Been dapat diikuti oleh adjective (kata sifat).

Rumus:

S + have/has + been + adjective

Contoh:

I have been tired.
Saya sudah lelah.

She has been busy.
Dia sudah sibuk.

He has been sick.
Dia sudah sakit.

They have been happy.
Mereka sudah bahagia.

Perhatikan:

She is sick.
Dia sakit. → keadaan sekarang.

She was sick.
Dia sakit. → keadaan di masa lalu.

She has been sick.
Dia sudah/sedang mengalami keadaan sakit. → keadaan yang berkaitan dengan periode sampai sekarang.

5. BEEN + NOUN

Been juga dapat digunakan sebelum noun.

Rumus:

S + have/has + been + noun

Contoh:

I have been a teacher for five years.
Saya telah menjadi guru selama lima tahun.

He has been a student since 2024.
Dia telah menjadi siswa sejak tahun 2024.

She has been a member of the club for two years.
Dia telah menjadi anggota klub selama dua tahun.

6. BEEN + TEMPAT

Been juga sering digunakan untuk menunjukkan pengalaman pernah berada atau pergi ke suatu tempat.

Rumus:

S + have/has + been + place

Contoh:

I have been to Bali.
Saya pernah ke Bali.

She has been to Jakarta.
Dia pernah ke Jakarta.

They have been to Singapore.
Mereka pernah ke Singapura.

Penting:

I have been to Bali.
= Saya pernah pergi ke Bali dan sudah kembali.

Berbeda dengan:

I have gone to Bali.
= Saya sudah pergi ke Bali dan konteksnya menunjukkan bahwa saya masih berada di sana atau belum kembali.

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